{"id":776,"date":"2020-01-31T08:00:18","date_gmt":"2020-01-31T07:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bllconsulting.com\/?p=776"},"modified":"2022-02-04T11:00:18","modified_gmt":"2022-02-04T10:00:18","slug":"le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/","title":{"rendered":"Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art : portrait d\u2019un milieu au dessein criminel"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art est rythm\u00e9 par des ventes aux ench\u00e8res pouvant atteindre des records, comme en t\u00e9moigne \u00ab Salvator Mundi \u00bb, \u0153uvre attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 Leonard de Vinci, vendu en 2017 pour la modique somme de 450 millions de dollars. Il s\u2019agit ici de la peinture la plus ch\u00e8re du monde.<\/p>\n<p>Mis \u00e0 part ces ench\u00e8res records qui font la une, Artprice<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Entreprise fran\u00e7aise de cotation du march\u00e9 de l&#8217;art sur Internet, et de vente d&#8217;\u0153uvres d&#8217;art en ligne<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> a estim\u00e9 que le produit global des ventes\u00a0d\u2019\u0153uvres d\u2019art en 2018 a atteint un total de 15,5 milliards de dollars<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.artprice.com\/artprice-reports\/le-marche-de-lart-en-2018\/bilan-general\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/fr.artprice.com\/artprice-reports\/le-marche-de-lart-en-2018\/bilan-general\/<\/span><\/a>, derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2005, le produit\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par leur vente \u00e9tait estim\u00e9 quant \u00e0 lui \u00e0 4,2 milliards de dollars, ce qui repr\u00e9sente une \u00e9volution de plus de 265% en un peu plus d\u2019une dizaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>La question que l\u2019on se pose aujourd\u2019hui est l\u00e9gitime, la croissance exponentielle des prix des \u0153uvres d\u2019art ne serait-elle pas li\u00e9e \u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour les acteurs de ce march\u00e9 de blanchir de l\u2019argent ?<\/p>\n<p>La fiscaliste Virginie HEEM et l&#8217;expert David G. HOTTE se sont exprim\u00e9s sur le sujet pour affirmer que \u00ab\u00a0les op\u00e9rations de blanchiment et de fraudes fiscales sont courantes et peuvent avoir pour cons\u00e9quence une\u00a0hausse soudaine et parfois inexpliqu\u00e9e des prix du march\u00e9 \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Virginie HEEM et David G. HOTTE, La Lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux, L.G.D.J, 12\/2004<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019art de blanchir de l\u2019argent n\u2019est pas \u00e0 la port\u00e9e de tous. Toutefois, dans ce milieu, les techniques sont diverses et innombrables. Par exemple, nous pouvons imaginer la situation suivante : un complice d\u00e9cide de mettre une toile aux ench\u00e8res et le criminel l\u2019acquiert. Le commissaire-priseur se doit donc de remettre l\u2019argent au complice. \u00c0 la suite de cela, le criminel rend l\u2019\u0153uvre au complice, r\u00e9cup\u00e8re l\u2019argent, et verse une commission.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-433 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.dominocom.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/illustration-art.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"908\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/illustration-art.png 908w, https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/illustration-art-450x210.png 450w, https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/illustration-art-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/illustration-art-768x359.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 908px) 100vw, 908px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Autre technique pris\u00e9e par les criminels : l\u2019achat d\u2019\u0153uvres d\u2019art via des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s offshore, pour en dissimuler le b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire effectif.<\/p>\n<p>La nature sp\u00e9culative du march\u00e9 de l\u2019art permet ainsi de dissimuler ais\u00e9ment des op\u00e9rations de blanchiment. Les prix pouvant fluctuer, comment d\u00e9tecter des complicit\u00e9s entre acheteurs et vendeurs ? Sans compter le fait que les \u0153uvres en question transitent dans plusieurs pays, tous les \u00e9l\u00e9ments sont rassembl\u00e9s pour permettre de tels montages financiers \u00e0 vis\u00e9es criminelles.<\/p>\n<p>Les affaires de blanchiment d\u2019argent relatives \u00e0 ce march\u00e9 sont certes peu courantes, mais elles\u00a0demeurent fortement m\u00e9diatis\u00e9es. On peut par exemple citer l\u2019affaire Helly NAHMAD, marchand d\u2019art New-Yorkais. Il avait \u00e9t\u00e9 inculp\u00e9, avec une trentaine de complices, pour paris ill\u00e9gaux, complots, et blanchiment\u00a0d\u2019argent en lien avec la mafia russe. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 condamn\u00e9 en 2014 \u00e0 une peine de prison d\u2019un an et un jour par\u00a0la justice New-Yorkaise<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.letemps.ch\/culture\/helly-nahmad-dessous-glauques-commerce-lart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.letemps.ch\/culture\/helly-nahmad-dessous-glauques-commerce-lart<\/span><\/a>, article modifi\u00e9 le 16 d\u00e9cembre 2014 apr\u00e8s la lib\u00e9ration de Helly NAHMAD, derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art, milieu d\u00e9peint comme sensiblement propice au blanchiment d\u2019argent du fait de\u00a0son opacit\u00e9<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Propos par ailleurs soutenus par Peter D. HARDY, un ancien procureur des Et ats-Unis, qui affirme que \u00ab Les \u0153uvres d\u2019art sont des supports tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressants pour le blanchiment des capitaux \u00bb, Fond Mon\u00e9taire International, Finance et d\u00e9veloppement, Septembre 2019, pages 30 \u00e0 34 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/fre\/2019\/09\/pdf\/the-art-of-money-laundering-and-washing-illicit-cash-mashberg.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/fre\/2019\/09\/pdf\/the-art-of-money-laundering-and-washing-illicit-cash-mashberg.pdf<\/span><\/a>, derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020)<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, des ports francs et de la volatilit\u00e9 de ses prix, a donc suscit\u00e9 des interrogations quant \u00e0 une\u00a0\u00e9ventuelle r\u00e9gulation.<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, au lendemain de la mise en \u0153uvre de la 5\u00e8me directive europ\u00e9enne contre le blanchiment\u00a0d\u2019argent, qui devait \u00eatre transpos\u00e9e en droit national au plus tard le 10 janvier 2020, la situation a \u00e9volu\u00e9. Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art se voit- t- il d\u00e9sormais enferm\u00e9 dans un carcan l\u00e9gislatif plus contraignant.<\/p>\n<p>La 5\u00e8me directive pr\u00e9voit que toute personne qui n\u00e9gocie ou incarne le r\u00f4le d\u2019interm\u00e9diaire dans une transaction artistique, lorsque la valeur de cette derni\u00e8re est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 10 000 \u20ac, est soumise aux obligations d\u2019\u00e9valuations bas\u00e9es sur le risque.<\/p>\n<p>Il est n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019\u00e9tablir l\u2019identit\u00e9 des clients avant toute transaction et d\u2019obtenir des documents de\u00a0preuves \u00e0 l\u2019appui. Le professionnel concern\u00e9 doit faire preuve de diligence accrue, et \u00e9valuer le risque qui\u00a0p\u00e8se sur la transaction. Le b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire effectif final de la transaction doit par ailleurs \u00eatre identifi\u00e9<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Directive (UE) 2018\/843 du Parlement europ\u00e9en et du Conseil du 30 mai 2018 modifiant la Directive (UE) 2015\/849 relative \u00e0 la pr\u00e9vention\u00a0de l\u2019utilisation du syst\u00e8me financier aux fins du blanchiment de capitaux ou du financement du terrorisme ainsi que les Directives 2009\/138\/CE\u00a0et 2013\/36\/UE<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>En France, c\u2019est la loi du 15 mai 2001<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Loi n\u00b02001-420 du 15 mai 2001, relative aux nouvelles r\u00e9gulations \u00e9conomiques. L\u2019article L561-2 du code mon\u00e9taire et financier pr\u00e9voit que personnes se livrant habituellement au commerce d&#8217;antiquit\u00e9s et d&#8217;\u0153uvres d&#8217;art sont assujettis au dispositif LCB-FT.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> qui avait pr\u00e9vu pour les marchands d\u2019art l\u2019obligation de respecter le dispositif de lutte contre le blanchiment d\u2019argent et de financement du terrorisme. Ils deviennent ainsi concern\u00e9s par l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9claration de soup\u00e7on. Cet assujettissement demeurant longtemps inefficace au vu de l\u2019absence d\u2019autorit\u00e9 de contr\u00f4le et de sanction.<\/p>\n<p>Toutefois, les professionnels de l\u2019art semblent r\u00e9ticents \u00e0 adopter de tels comportements. Cela\u00a0reviendrait &#8211; il \u00e0 entraver l\u2019anonymat qui pr\u00f4ne dans ce milieu ? En effet, selon Bruno DALLES, patron de la\u00a0cellule anti-blanchiment de Bercy, le nombre de d\u00e9claration de soup\u00e7on pour blanchiment d\u2019argent demeure\u00a0faible<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexpress.fr\/actualite\/societe\/justice\/le-marche-de-l-art-est-retif-a-la-lutte-anti-blanchiment_2050785.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lexpress.fr\/actualite\/societe\/justice\/le-marche-de-l-art-est-retif-a-la-lutte-anti-blanchiment_2050785.html<\/span><\/a>, derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Selon TRACFIN, 51 d\u00e9clarations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faites en 2016, et 67 en 2017<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lettre d\u2019actualit\u00e9 aux professionnels de la lutte contre le blanchiment d\u2019argent et le financement du terrorisme, TRACFIN, n\u00b016 de juin 2018<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Ces r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9plorent\u00a0vraisemblablement un manque d\u2019implication des professionnels de l\u2019art dans la lutte contre le blanchiment d\u2019argent.<\/p>\n<p>La question se pose ; la 5\u00e8me directive parviendra &#8211; t &#8211; elle \u00e0 pallier ce manque de coop\u00e9ration de la part des professionnels de l\u2019art ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Enfin, ce march\u00e9 est un milieu qui ne cesse d\u2019\u00e9voluer. En 2015, a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 le responsible art market<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"http:\/\/responsibleartmarket.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/responsibleartmarket.org\/<\/span><\/a>, derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<br \/>\nIl s\u2019agit l\u00e0 d\u2019une initiative interprofessionnelle cr\u00e9\u00e9e \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve, qui a pour objectif de renforcer les pratiques de conformit\u00e9 et de sensibiliser les acteurs de ce march\u00e9 aux risques encourus. Par ailleurs, la cour d\u2019arbitrage de l\u2019art, CAFA (Court of arbitration for Art)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_776_1('footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cafa.world\/,<\/span> derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_776_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> offrira aux acteurs du march\u00e9 de l\u2019art un r\u00e8glement alternatif des litiges plus rapide que la voie judiciaire classique.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_776_1();\">&#x202F;<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_776_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_776_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_776_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Entreprise fran\u00e7aise de cotation du march\u00e9 de l&#8217;art sur Internet, et de vente d&#8217;\u0153uvres d&#8217;art en ligne<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.artprice.com\/artprice-reports\/le-marche-de-lart-en-2018\/bilan-general\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/fr.artprice.com\/artprice-reports\/le-marche-de-lart-en-2018\/bilan-general\/<\/span><\/a>, derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Virginie HEEM et David G. HOTTE, La Lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux, L.G.D.J, 12\/2004<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.letemps.ch\/culture\/helly-nahmad-dessous-glauques-commerce-lart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.letemps.ch\/culture\/helly-nahmad-dessous-glauques-commerce-lart<\/span><\/a>, article modifi\u00e9 le 16 d\u00e9cembre 2014 apr\u00e8s la lib\u00e9ration de Helly NAHMAD, derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Propos par ailleurs soutenus par Peter D. HARDY, un ancien procureur des Et ats-Unis, qui affirme que \u00ab Les \u0153uvres d\u2019art sont des supports tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressants pour le blanchiment des capitaux \u00bb, Fond Mon\u00e9taire International, Finance et d\u00e9veloppement, Septembre 2019, pages 30 \u00e0 34 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/fre\/2019\/09\/pdf\/the-art-of-money-laundering-and-washing-illicit-cash-mashberg.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/fre\/2019\/09\/pdf\/the-art-of-money-laundering-and-washing-illicit-cash-mashberg.pdf<\/span><\/a>, derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Directive (UE) 2018\/843 du Parlement europ\u00e9en et du Conseil du 30 mai 2018 modifiant la Directive (UE) 2015\/849 relative \u00e0 la pr\u00e9vention\u00a0de l\u2019utilisation du syst\u00e8me financier aux fins du blanchiment de capitaux ou du financement du terrorisme ainsi que les Directives 2009\/138\/CE\u00a0et 2013\/36\/UE<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Loi n\u00b02001-420 du 15 mai 2001, relative aux nouvelles r\u00e9gulations \u00e9conomiques. L\u2019article L561-2 du code mon\u00e9taire et financier pr\u00e9voit que personnes se livrant habituellement au commerce d&#8217;antiquit\u00e9s et d&#8217;\u0153uvres d&#8217;art sont assujettis au dispositif LCB-FT.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexpress.fr\/actualite\/societe\/justice\/le-marche-de-l-art-est-retif-a-la-lutte-anti-blanchiment_2050785.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lexpress.fr\/actualite\/societe\/justice\/le-marche-de-l-art-est-retif-a-la-lutte-anti-blanchiment_2050785.html<\/span><\/a>, derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lettre d\u2019actualit\u00e9 aux professionnels de la lutte contre le blanchiment d\u2019argent et le financement du terrorisme, TRACFIN, n\u00b016 de juin 2018<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/responsibleartmarket.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/responsibleartmarket.org\/<\/span><\/a>, derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_776_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_776_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cafa.world\/,<\/span> derni\u00e8re consultation le 25 janvier 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_776_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_776_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_776_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_776_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_776_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_776_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_776_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_776_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_776_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_776_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_776_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_776_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_776_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_776_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art est rythm\u00e9 par des ventes aux ench\u00e8res pouvant atteindre des records, comme en t\u00e9moigne \u00ab Salvator Mundi \u00bb, \u0153uvre attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 Leonard de Vinci, vendu en 2017 pour la modique somme de 450 millions de dollars. Il s\u2019agit ici de la peinture la plus ch\u00e8re du monde. Mis \u00e0 part ces &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture <span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00ab\u00a0Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art : portrait d\u2019un milieu au dessein criminel\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":400,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-776","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contributions","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art : portrait d\u2019un milieu au dessein criminel - Kaufhold et Reveillaud Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art : portrait d\u2019un milieu au dessein criminel - Kaufhold et Reveillaud Avocats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art est rythm\u00e9 par des ventes aux ench\u00e8res pouvant atteindre des records, comme en t\u00e9moigne \u00ab Salvator Mundi \u00bb, \u0153uvre attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 Leonard de Vinci, vendu en 2017 pour la modique somme de 450 millions de dollars. 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Mis \u00e0 part ces &hellip; Continuer la lecture \u00ab\u00a0Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art : portrait d\u2019un milieu au dessein criminel\u00a0\u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Kaufhold et Reveillaud Avocats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-01-31T07:00:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-04T10:00:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/marche-art-bllconsulting.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"960\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"734\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"dominocommunication\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"dominocommunication\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"dominocommunication\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/ebd09ee45fb11871fb000e8dca1c069f\"},\"headline\":\"Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art : portrait d\u2019un milieu au dessein criminel\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-01-31T07:00:18+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-04T10:00:18+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/\"},\"wordCount\":1270,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/marche-art-bllconsulting.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Contributions\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/le-marche-de-lart-portrait-dun-milieu-au-dessein-criminel\/\",\"name\":\"Le march\u00e9 de l\u2019art : portrait d\u2019un milieu au dessein criminel - 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