{"id":1334,"date":"2020-05-29T09:00:30","date_gmt":"2020-05-29T07:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bllconsulting.com\/?p=1334"},"modified":"2022-02-04T11:24:51","modified_gmt":"2022-02-04T10:24:51","slug":"coronavirus-iran-et-sanctions-americaines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/coronavirus-iran-et-sanctions-americaines\/","title":{"rendered":"Coronavirus : Iran et sanctions am\u00e9ricaines"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Fortement affaibli et paralys\u00e9 par le retrait des Etats-Unis de l\u2019accord sur le nucl\u00e9aire en 2018, l\u2019Iran a \u00e9t\u00e9 au c\u0153ur de l\u2019actualit\u00e9 en raison de ses difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 contenir la crise sanitaire qui touche le monde entier. Ces obstacles s\u2019illustrent par la p\u00e9nurie de m\u00e9dicaments faisant rage dans cet Etat du Proche-Orient.<\/p>\n<p>Le ministre des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res, Mohammad Javad Zarif, a interpell\u00e9 la communaut\u00e9 internationale en demandant la lev\u00e9e des sanctions am\u00e9ricaines ainsi qu\u2019un d\u00e9blocage urgent de 5 milliards d\u2019euros au FMI (Fonds Mon\u00e9taire International).<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, la crise que nous traversons permet de mettre en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019impact des sanctions am\u00e9ricaines en mati\u00e8re sanitaire. Pour autant, le gouvernement am\u00e9ricain a rappel\u00e9 que les m\u00e9dicaments et \u00e9quipements m\u00e9dicaux \u00e9chappent aux sanctions en raison de leur caract\u00e8re de premi\u00e8re n\u00e9cessit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Alors qu\u2019en est-il\u00a0vraiment ?<\/p>\n<p>En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, la probl\u00e9matique sanitaire iranienne existait d\u00e9j\u00e0 avant la propagation du Covid-19. Le renouvellement des sanctions US a eu pour effet d\u2019entra\u00eener une forte d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation du rial ainsi que de lourdes restrictions de financement pour les \u00e9tablissements financiers se trouvant dans des pays tiers.<\/p>\n<p>Ces deux \u00e9l\u00e9ments combin\u00e9s ont conduit \u00e0 rendre frileuses les compagnies de transports et financi\u00e8res, provoquant ainsi des retards et r\u00e9ticences pour acheminer ou financer du mat\u00e9riel m\u00e9dical.<\/p>\n<p>En ce sens, L\u2019ONG Human Right Watch (HRW) avait d\u2019ailleurs publi\u00e9 un rapport le 29 octobre 2019 intitul\u00e9\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0\u201cPression maximale\u201d : Les sanctions \u00e9conomiques am\u00e9ricaines portent atteinte au droit des Iraniens \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1334_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1334_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1334_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2019\/10\/29\/maximum-pressure\/us-economic-sanctions-harm-iranians-right-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2019\/10\/29\/maximum-pressure\/us-economic-sanctions-harm-iranians-right-health<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1334_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> qui enjoignait les \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 garantir l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des exemptions concernant les produits \u00e0 caract\u00e8re humanitaire.<\/p>\n<p>Outre la duret\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime des sanctions, c\u2019est \u00e9galement le flou qui l\u2019entoure qui contribue \u00e0 alimenter la peur des repr\u00e9sailles am\u00e9ricaines. En effet, l\u2019OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control) d\u00e9livre des licences g\u00e9n\u00e9rales autorisant l\u2019exportation vers l\u2019Iran de certains m\u00e9dicaments et de fournitures m\u00e9dicales de base. Cependant, ces licences sont restrictives et les transactions financi\u00e8res visant \u00e0 soutenir ces op\u00e9rations sont plafonn\u00e9es \u00e0 500\u00a0000 dollars.<\/p>\n<p>On retrouve notamment dans les produits m\u00e9dicaux ne faisant pas l\u2019objet d\u2019une licence g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, \u00a0certains vaccins, des \u00e9quipements et machines permettant de st\u00e9riliser.\u00a0 Cela signifie donc que ces cat\u00e9gories doivent faire l\u2019objet de licences sp\u00e9ciales alors qu\u2019elles sont essentielles \u00e0 la lutte contre le coronavirus.<\/p>\n<p>La lourdeur administrative d\u2019un tel proc\u00e9d\u00e9 et l\u2019urgence de la situation sanitaire ont pouss\u00e9 plusieurs s\u00e9nateurs d\u00e9mocrates \u00e0 s\u2019unir par une lettre<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1334_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1334_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1334_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranprimer.usip.org\/blog\/2020\/mar\/27\/senators-urge-trump-admin-ease-iran-sanctions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/iranprimer.usip.org\/blog\/2020\/mar\/27\/senators-urge-trump-admin-ease-iran-sanctions<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1334_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> dat\u00e9e du 26 mars 2020 afin d\u2019appeler l\u2019administration de Trump \u00e0 une clarification sur l\u2019\u00e9tendue de la licence g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et une suspension des mesures sectorielles.<\/p>\n<p>Le gouvernement n\u2019a pas donn\u00e9 suite et a parall\u00e8lement poursuivi sa politique de \u201cpression maximale\u201d en annon\u00e7ant le 17 mars 2020 \u00a0l\u2019ajout sur liste noire de 9 entit\u00e9s bas\u00e9es en Afrique du Sud, \u00e0 Hong Kong et en Chine ainsi que de 3 individus iraniens qui seraient impliqu\u00e9s dans des transactions en lien avec l\u2019industrie p\u00e9trochimique<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1334_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1334_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1334_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-iran-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1ZM2Q8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-iran-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1ZM2Q8<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1334_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Face \u00e0 cette escalade politique et la d\u00e9fiance persistante des compagnies, une r\u00e9ponse diplomatique s\u2019est alors organis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Fin mars, la France, l\u2019Allemagne et le Royaume-Uni ont export\u00e9 du mat\u00e9riel m\u00e9dical d\u2019une valeur de 5 millions d\u2019euros \u00e0 destination de l\u2019Iran par le biais de l\u2019INSTEX<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1334_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1334_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1334_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dalloz-actualite.fr\/flash\/l-instex-nouvel-instrument-europeen-pour-maintenir-transactions-commerciales-avec-l-iran#.Xrc8C8uP7hA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dalloz-actualite.fr\/flash\/l-instex-nouvel-instrument-europeen-pour-maintenir-transactions-commerciales-avec-l-iran#.Xrc8C8uP7hA<\/span><\/a><br \/>\net<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.news-front.info\/2020\/04\/09\/donald-trump-accepte-que-la-france-aide-liran-a-lutter-contre-le-covid-19-video\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/fr.news-front.info\/2020\/04\/09\/donald-trump-accepte-que-la-france-aide-liran-a-lutter-contre-le-covid-19-video\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1334_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> (Instrument In Support of Trade Exchanges) lanc\u00e9 le 31 janvier 2019. Ce dernier est un m\u00e9canisme permettant de commercer l\u00e9gitimement avec l\u2019Iran en se limitant aux secteurs essentiels du m\u00e9dical et de l\u2019agro-alimentaire. Son fonctionnement repose sur une chambre de compensation \u00e9vitant alors l\u2019utilisation du dollar am\u00e9ricain.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1334_1();\">&#x202F;<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1334_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1334_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1334_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1334_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2019\/10\/29\/maximum-pressure\/us-economic-sanctions-harm-iranians-right-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2019\/10\/29\/maximum-pressure\/us-economic-sanctions-harm-iranians-right-health<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1334_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iranprimer.usip.org\/blog\/2020\/mar\/27\/senators-urge-trump-admin-ease-iran-sanctions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/iranprimer.usip.org\/blog\/2020\/mar\/27\/senators-urge-trump-admin-ease-iran-sanctions<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1334_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-iran-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1ZM2Q8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-iran-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1ZM2Q8<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1334_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1334_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1334_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dalloz-actualite.fr\/flash\/l-instex-nouvel-instrument-europeen-pour-maintenir-transactions-commerciales-avec-l-iran#.Xrc8C8uP7hA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dalloz-actualite.fr\/flash\/l-instex-nouvel-instrument-europeen-pour-maintenir-transactions-commerciales-avec-l-iran#.Xrc8C8uP7hA<\/span><\/a><br \/>\net<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.news-front.info\/2020\/04\/09\/donald-trump-accepte-que-la-france-aide-liran-a-lutter-contre-le-covid-19-video\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/fr.news-front.info\/2020\/04\/09\/donald-trump-accepte-que-la-france-aide-liran-a-lutter-contre-le-covid-19-video\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1334_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1334_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1334_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1334_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1334_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1334_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1334_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1334_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1334_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1334_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1334_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1334_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_1334_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1334_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fortement affaibli et paralys\u00e9 par le retrait des Etats-Unis de l\u2019accord sur le nucl\u00e9aire en 2018, l\u2019Iran a \u00e9t\u00e9 au c\u0153ur de l\u2019actualit\u00e9 en raison de ses difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 contenir la crise sanitaire qui touche le monde entier. Ces obstacles s\u2019illustrent par la p\u00e9nurie de m\u00e9dicaments faisant rage dans cet Etat du Proche-Orient. Le ministre &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/coronavirus-iran-et-sanctions-americaines\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture <span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00ab\u00a0Coronavirus : Iran et sanctions am\u00e9ricaines\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1338,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1334","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contributions","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Coronavirus : Iran et sanctions am\u00e9ricaines - Kaufhold et Reveillaud Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/coronavirus-iran-et-sanctions-americaines\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Coronavirus : Iran et sanctions am\u00e9ricaines - Kaufhold et Reveillaud Avocats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Fortement affaibli et paralys\u00e9 par le retrait des Etats-Unis de l\u2019accord sur le nucl\u00e9aire en 2018, l\u2019Iran a \u00e9t\u00e9 au c\u0153ur de l\u2019actualit\u00e9 en raison de ses difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 contenir la crise sanitaire qui touche le monde entier. Ces obstacles s\u2019illustrent par la p\u00e9nurie de m\u00e9dicaments faisant rage dans cet Etat du Proche-Orient. 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