{"id":11366,"date":"2022-04-19T12:18:24","date_gmt":"2022-04-19T10:18:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bllconsulting.com\/?p=11366"},"modified":"2022-04-20T18:51:53","modified_gmt":"2022-04-20T16:51:53","slug":"lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019encadrement des biens double-usage sous &#8220;le prisme de la crise ukrainienne&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Mise en exergue de l\u2019encadrement des biens \u00e0 double-usage sous<br \/>\nle prisme de la crise ukrainienne.<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019ouvrage \u00ab Par-del\u00e0 le bien du mal \u00bb \u00e9crit par Friedrich Nietzsche \u00e9dicte une r\u00e8gle fortement assimilable \u00e0 la probl\u00e9matique des biens \u00e0 double-usage : \u00ab Il n\u2019y a pas de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes moraux, rien qu\u2019une interpr\u00e9tation morale des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes. \u00bb <em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Friedrich Nietzsche, Par-del\u00e0 le bien et le mal, chap.4, p.125<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/em><br \/>\nLa r\u00e9flexion autour de cette notion juridique est consubstantielle \u00e0 la pratique adopt\u00e9e par l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne pour la r\u00e9gir, et nul doute que les sinistres actualit\u00e9s d\u00e9montrent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation de la Commission europ\u00e9enne. C\u2019est l\u00e0 toute l\u2019intrigue de ce papier : De quelle fa\u00e7on la crise ukrainienne replace sur le devant de la sc\u00e8ne les biens \u00e0 double usage ( BDU ) ? Les d\u00e9cisions adopt\u00e9es par l\u2019UE ob\u00e9issent-elles \u00e0 la maxime pos\u00e9e par Alain Lambert selon laquelle\u00a0\u00ab une crise est une occasion historique d\u2019oser une r\u00e9volution administrative copernicienne \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alain Lambert, Il faut lib\u00e9rer l\u2019administration de la norme en cette p\u00e9riode de crise (Entretien, Acteurs publics, 7 avril 2020)<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ou illustrent-elles plut\u00f4t les difficult\u00e9s engendr\u00e9es par les mutations incessantes de la technologie ?<\/p>\n<p>Pour les \u00e9trangers \u00e0 la notion, au contexte actuel ou aux deux, un point sur la situation en pr\u00e9alable est indispensable.<br \/>\nAussi surprenant que cela puisse para\u00eetre, la qualification de BDU est le d\u00e9nominateur commun de puces \u00e9lectroniques, de r\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires, de drones et m\u00eame de plantes. Selon l\u2019article 2 du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021 \/821 instituant un r\u00e9gime de l\u2019Union de contr\u00f4le des exportations, du courtage, de l\u2019assistance technique, du transit et des transferts en ce qui concerne les biens \u00e0 double usage, ces derniers sont d\u00e9finis ainsi : \u00ab produits, y compris les logiciels et les technologies,\u00a0susceptibles d\u2019avoir une utilisation tant civile que militaire; ils incluent les biens susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre utilis\u00e9s aux fins de la conception, de la mise au point, de la fabrication ou de l\u2019utilisation d\u2019armes nucl\u00e9aires, chimiques ou biologiques ou de leurs vecteurs, y compris tous les biens qui peuvent \u00e0 la fois \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s \u00e0 des fins non explosives et intervenir de quelque mani\u00e8re que ce soit dans la fabrication d\u2019armes nucl\u00e9aires ou d\u2019autres dispositifs nucl\u00e9aires explosifs. \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Article 2 du r\u00e8glement (UE) 2021\/821 du Parlement et du Conseil du 20 mai 2021 instituant un\u00a0r\u00e9gime de l\u2019Union de contr\u00f4le des exportations, du courtage, de l\u2019assistance technique, du transit et des transferts en ce qui concerne les biens \u00e0 double usage (refonte), entr\u00e9 en vigueur le 9 septembre 2021, a abrog\u00e9 le r\u00e8glement (CE) 428\/2009 du Conseil du 5 mai 2009 qui r\u00e9gissait auparavant la mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><br \/>\nAinsi, les BDU op\u00e8rent donc une dichotomie dans la finalit\u00e9 d\u2019utilisation d\u2019un m\u00eame objet, en ce sens o\u00f9 un syst\u00e8me de navigation peut \u00e0 la fois servir le touriste confondant les ruelles romaines, tout comme il rendrait utile le t\u00e9l\u00e9guidage de missiles militaires.<\/p>\n<p>Ce dernier exemple s\u2019inscrit dans la conjoncture que connait actuellement l\u2019Europe, l\u2019invasion de\u00a0l\u2019Ukraine par les troupes russes, initi\u00e9e le 24 f\u00e9vrier 2022. S\u2019\u00e9tirant dans le temps, les Etats\u00a0membres de l\u2019UE et d\u2019autres, adopt\u00e8rent \u00e0 l\u2019unisson de nombreuses sanctions, dont l\u2019une nous\u00a0int\u00e9resse plus particuli\u00e8rement. En effet, le gouvernement luxembourgeois, \u00e0 l\u2019instar de tous les<br \/>\nautres gouvernements europ\u00e9ens, doit d\u00e9sormais respecter les r\u00e8glements ( UE ) 2022\/328 &amp;\u00a02022\/428 en ce qui concerne la Russie, et le r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2022\/325 s\u2019appliquant envers la\u00a0Bi\u00e9lorussie. Ces r\u00e8glements, intensifiant des sanctions d\u00e9but\u00e9es en 2014 lors de l\u2019attaque de la\u00a0Crim\u00e9e <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">R\u00e8glement (UE) n \u00b0 833\/2014 du Conseil du 31 juillet 2014 concernant des mesures restrictives\u00a0eu \u00e9gard aux actions de la Russie d\u00e9stabilisant la situation en Ukraine<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> , pr\u00e9voient notamment l\u2019\u00e9largissement de l\u2019interdiction de la vente, la fourniture, l\u2019exportation directe ou indirecte des biens et technologies \u00e0 double-usage ou encore les biens\u00a0pouvant contribuer au renforcement militaire, \u00e0 toute personne physique ou morale,\u00a0ind\u00e9pendamment de sa nationalit\u00e9, qui se trouve en Russie ou aux fins d\u2019une utilisation en\u00a0Russie. Pour rappel, ces r\u00e8glementations consistant en une multitude de restrictions, trouvent\u00a0leur fondement en l\u2019article 207-2 du Trait\u00e9 sur le fonctionnement de l\u2019Union Europ\u00e9enne <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00ab Le Parlement europ\u00e9en et le Conseil, statuant par voie de r\u00e8glements conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la proc\u00e9dure l\u00e9gislative ordinaire, adoptent les mesures d\u00e9finissant le cadre dans lequel est mise en\u00a0\u0153uvre la politique commerciale commune. \u00bb; Art.207(2) TFUE<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>,\u00a0permettant de modeler la politique commerciale selon les principes et objectifs de l\u2019action\u00a0ext\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne. En d\u2019autres termes, la vis\u00e9e serait l\u2019\u00e9quilibre entre les int\u00e9r\u00eats\u00a0commerciaux et les exigences s\u00e9curitaires.<\/p>\n<p>Sujet br\u00fblant dans le monde de la legal tech, il se trouve que la restriction des BDU, par le biais\u00a0du r\u00e8glement 2021\/821, fut \u00e9largie \u00e0 ceux ayant la possibilit\u00e9 de violer les droits de l\u2019Homme et\/ou \u00e9tant dans le domaine de la cyber-surveillance<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Art 5 &amp; 9 du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021\/821<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. De ce fait, le but est d\u00e9sormais d\u2019\u00e9viter que\u00a0certaines technologies de surveillance et d\u2019intrusion export\u00e9e depuis l\u2019UE ne contribuent \u00e0 la\u00a0violation des intouchables droits de l\u2019homme. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment encore, deux nouveaux r\u00e9gimes\u00a0d\u2019autorisations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales d\u2019exportation de l\u2019UE furent dress\u00e9es : une concernant les biens de\u00a0cryptographies<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Art.12.1.d du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021\/821<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> et une seconde pour les transferts de technologies intragroupe. Les raisons 7\u00a0expliquant ces pr\u00e9cautions furent r\u00e9dig\u00e9es dans le consid\u00e9rant 8 dudit r\u00e8glement. Premi\u00e8re\u00a0remarque quant \u00e0 la d\u00e9finition du bien de cyber-surveillance, d\u00e9fini comme un \u00ab bien con\u00e7u\u00a0[\u2026] sp\u00e9cifiquement pour\u2026 \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Art.2 (20) du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021\/821<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Ici, une interpr\u00e9tation strictement s\u00e9mantique pourrait laisser\u00a0entendre que l\u2019on parle d\u2019un bien dont la cyber-surveillance est le seul usage et non un usage\u00a0parmi tant d\u2019autres. En premier lieu, cela aurait pour cons\u00e9quence d\u2019exclure les biens d\u00e9tourn\u00e9s\u00a0de leur objet principal, et donc, d\u2019appliquer un double r\u00e9gime pour ceux qui ne figurent pas dans\u00a0la liste en annexe. Le corollaire est le suivant : l\u2019instauration d\u2019un double r\u00e9gime allant \u00e0\u00a0l\u2019encontre de l\u2019objectif de simplification du r\u00e9gime des BDU.<\/p>\n<p>Dans ce contexte de guerre, l\u2019intensification des restrictions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de ces technologies se\u00a0confirme bel et bien. Dans un communiqu\u00e9 twitter en date du 28 mars, le Service d\u2019Etat de\u00a0protection sp\u00e9ciale des communications et de l\u2019information ( SSSCIP ) ukrainien, d\u00e9clarait que\u00a0l\u2019op\u00e9rateur historique Ukrtelecom fut victime d\u2019une cyber-attaque russe majeure<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/dsszzi\/status\/1508528209075257347?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1508528209075257347%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.01net.com%2Factualites%2Floperateur-historique-ukrainien-a-ete-victime-d-une-cyberattaque-sans-precedent-2055695.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/dsszzi\/status\/1508528209075257347?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1508528209075257347%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.01net.com%2Factualites%2Floperateur-historique-ukrainien-a-ete-victime-d-une-cyberattaque-sans-precedent-2055695.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Cette cyberattaque ne fut que le prolongement de nombreuses autres depuis le d\u00e9but du conflit, \u00e0 l\u2019image de la panne du r\u00e9seau satellitaire KA-SAT de l\u2019am\u00e9ricain Via-Sat ou encore des groupes d\u2019\u00e9nergie\u00a0comme Ukrenergo<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/emissions\/les-enjeux-des-reseaux-sociaux\/reseaux-sociaux-duvendredi-25-mars-2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/emissions\/les-enjeux-des-reseaux-sociaux\/reseaux-sociaux-duvendredi-25-mars-2022<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Par ailleurs, des journalistes fran\u00e7ais avaient mis en garde les services\u00a0ukrainiens de renforcer leurs dispositifs de cyber-s\u00e9curit\u00e9, apr\u00e8s avoir infiltr\u00e9 \u00e0 distance les\u00a0cam\u00e9ras install\u00e9es dans les voitures de police de Kiev<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ladepeche.fr\/2022\/03\/03\/guerre-en-ukraine-des-cameras-de-la-police-etaientaccessibles-sans-mot-de-passe-alertent-des-journalistes-francais-10145756.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ladepeche.fr\/2022\/03\/03\/guerre-en-ukraine-des-cameras-de-la-police-etaientaccessibles-sans-mot-de-passe-alertent-des-journalistes-francais-10145756.php<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> .<\/p>\n<p>Ces BDU relatifs \u00e0 la cyber-surveillance s\u2019av\u00e8rent d\u2019une importance cruciale dans un contexte conflictuel, ce pourquoi le r\u00e8glement 2021\/821 mis en place une clause \u00ab catch-all \u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Art.4 du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021\/821<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> instaurant\u00a0une obligation de vigilance pour l\u2019exportateur. Celui-ci devra s\u2019interroger sur le bien-fond\u00e9 de\u00a0l\u2019exportation du BDU s\u2019il ne figure pas dans l\u2019annexe pr\u00e9vue ou qu\u2019il n\u2019a encore jamais fait l\u2019objet\u00a0d\u2019une autorisation. C\u2019est ainsi \u00e0 l\u2019exportateur de jouer \u00e9galement un r\u00f4le dans l\u2019appr\u00e9ciation\u00a0d\u2019une utilisation pouvant ou non impliquer une r\u00e9pression interne ou une violation grave des\u00a0droits de l\u2019homme. Ce devoir incombant \u00e0 l\u2019exportateur de BDU se constate davantage par une\u00a0seconde innovation : la mise en place d\u2019un programme interne de conformit\u00e9<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Art.23 du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021\/821<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, se caract\u00e9risant\u00a0comme une s\u00e9rie de proc\u00e9dure internes efficaces, appropri\u00e9es et proportionn\u00e9es pour s\u2019assurer de\u00a0la conformit\u00e9 avec les r\u00e8glementations des Etats membres et de l\u2019UE en mati\u00e8re de contr\u00f4le des\u00a0exportations de biens \u00e0 double usage. Ce syst\u00e8me, \u00e0 titre indicatif, retrouve des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s\u00a0similaires aux Etats-Unis<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00ab The elements of an Effective Export Compliance Program \u00bb, U.S Department of commerce\u00a0Bureau of Industry and Security ( BIS )<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ou en Chine<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00ab Guiding Opinions on Establishing Internal Compliance Programs for Export Control by\u00a0Exporters of Dual use Items \u00bb, China\u2019s Ministry of Commerce ( MOFCOM )<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>La dimension du conflit arm\u00e9 conduit \u00e0 son lot de principes et d\u2019exemptions assorties si l\u2019on\u00a0analyse plus attentivement les restrictions d\u2019exportation des BDU \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de la Russie. En\u00a0effet, l\u2019interdiction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des biens et technologies \u00e0 double usage \u00e9dict\u00e9e dans les r\u00e8glements\u00a0adopt\u00e9s lors du conflit, est toutefois temp\u00e9r\u00e9e par certaines exceptions. L\u2019article 2 ( 3 ) du\u00a0r\u00e8glement 2022\/328 \u00e9num\u00e8re une liste tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9cise des exemptions \u00e0 cette prohibition. Sont\u00a0concern\u00e9es, par exemple, les exportations \u00e0 des fins \u00ab humanitaires et urgences sanitaires \u00bb, \u00e0 des fins\u00a0\u00ab m\u00e9dicales ou pharmaceutiques \u00bb ou encore \u00e0 assurer \u00ab la cyber-s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l\u2019information pour\u00a0les personnes physiques et morales, les entit\u00e9s et organismes en Russie, \u00e0 l\u2019exception de ses pouvoirs publics et\u00a0des entreprises que ces derniers contr\u00f4lent directement ou indirectement \u00bb. L\u2019autre exemption est le principe\u00a0de la clause de droit acquis, rappel\u00e9 dans une FAQ<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Question and Answers: fourth package of restrictive measures against Russia, Brussels, 15\u00a0March 2022, European Commission<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> de la Commission europ\u00e9enne en date du 15\u00a0mars 2022, relative aux sanctions inflig\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la Russie. Cette clause consiste \u00e0 proroger\u00a0l\u2019exportation des BDU dans le cadre des contrats pr\u00e9existants, \u00e0 condition d\u2019un examen au cas\u00a0par cas, afin de v\u00e9rifier s\u2019il n\u2019y a pas de motifs raisonnables de penser que l\u2019exportation profiterait\u00a0\u00e0 un utilisateur final militaire ou si le bien en question pourrait avoir une utilisation finale\u00a0militaire.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019adaptation du r\u00e9gime d\u2019exportation des BDU est actuellement dans un \u00e9tau de probl\u00e9matiques.<br \/>\nD\u2019une part, ces m\u00eames biens prennent des formes parfois plus difficiles \u00e0 appr\u00e9hender du fait des\u00a0progr\u00e8s technologiques dans le monde. D\u2019autre part, le conflit arm\u00e9 am\u00e8ne \u00e0 examiner le\u00a0moindre BDU comme potentiellement propice \u00e0 l\u2019avanc\u00e9e des troupes russes dans le territoire\u00a0ukrainien. Cette schizophr\u00e9nie conceptuelle se remarque, par exemple, dans l\u2019une des\u00a0exemptions pr\u00e9vues aux interdictions d\u2019exportation. L\u2019article 2 ( 3 ) du r\u00e8glement 2022\/328\u00a0pr\u00e9voit ainsi les exceptions suivantes : \u00ab l\u2019exportation temporaire d\u2019articles destin\u00e9s \u00e0 \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s\u00a0par des m\u00e9dias d\u2019information \u00bb en son point b, et les biens li\u00e9s \u00ab \u00e0 une utilisation en tant que\u00a0dispositifs de communication grand public \u00bb en son point e. Le camp d\u00e9finissant l\u2019usage, la\u00a0diffusion de connaissances, biens immat\u00e9riels comme une information, adress\u00e9es \u00e0 des personnes\u00a0russes, sont des \u00ab exportations r\u00e9put\u00e9es \u00bb n\u00e9cessitant des restrictions, voire des interdictions\u00a0pures et simples. La logique est donc la suivante : une guerre g\u00e9n\u00e8re inexorablement une surinterpr\u00e9tation du r\u00e9gime initial des BDU. Ainsi, tout peut servir \u00e0 une guerre, surtout lorsqu\u2019elle a lieu. L\u2019angle drastique \u00e9volue donc selon l\u2019intention des parties et les exportations envers un\u00a0pays partenaire de la veille peuvent tout autant \u00eatre regrettables s\u2019il devenait un ennemi demain.<br \/>\nCertains pointaient du doigt l\u2019accentuation sur les droits de l\u2019homme pour r\u00e9gir le r\u00e9gime du\u00a0droit des biens<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">M. Kanetake, The EU\u2019s dual-use export control and human rights risks : the case of cyber\u00a0surveillance technology Europe and the World : A law review, 2019, Volume 3, Issue 1, [https:\/\/<br \/>\nwww.scienceopen.com\/hosted- document ?doi=10.14324\/111.444.ewlj.2019.14].<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> au d\u00e9triment de la conception de l\u2019utilit\u00e9 militaire, mais le contexte actuel fait aujourd\u2019hui d\u00e9mentir ce soup\u00e7on.<\/p>\n<p>La crise ukrainienne est \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s r\u00e9v\u00e9latrice d\u2019un \u00e9ni\u00e8me \u00e9cueil de l\u2019exportation, dont les\u00a0BDU font partie : l\u2019interconnexion du march\u00e9 global<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Civilian or Military ? Addressing Dual-use Items as a challenge to the nuclear non-proliferation\u00a0Regime \/\/ Justin Dunnicliff and Paulina Izewicz<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> . L\u2019affaire du d\u00e9veloppement du programme nucl\u00e9aire iranien outrepassant les interdits \u00e9nonc\u00e9s par le r\u00e9gime de 1974 du Groupe\u00a0des fournisseurs nucl\u00e9aires, illustrait d\u00e9j\u00e0 la difficile surveillance de l\u2019exportation des BDU. Le\u00a0d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019arsenal nucl\u00e9aire iranien se fit par un processus de pays-\u00e9crans durant les\u00a0exportations. Le principe consiste \u00e0 trouver des gouvernements ayant \u00e0 la fois un lien d\u2019\u00e9changes\u00a0commerciaux avec les pays de l\u2019UE, mais moins regardants pour redistribuer le BDU envers un\u00a0pays mal intentionn\u00e9. Parfois, les Etats sur les territoires desquels les exportations sont dirig\u00e9es,\u00a0ne disposent pas forc\u00e9ment d\u2019administration en mesure d\u2019exercer un contr\u00f4le fiable. La\u00a0r\u00e9sultante en est une d\u00e9pendance par les Etats membres, de l\u2019attitude adopt\u00e9e par les pays tiers\u00a0sur ces d\u00e9licats biens. Le r\u00e8glement sanctionnant la Russie, en principe, n\u2019affecte pas\u00a0l\u2019exploration de marchandises contr\u00f4l\u00e9es devant \u00eatre livr\u00e9es dans des pays tiers, m\u00eame s\u2019ils\u00a0transitent par la Russie. Cela induit donc un fort risque de contournement du r\u00e8glement en\u00a0question. Au sein de ce conflit, la Commission a tent\u00e9 d\u2019avorter un d\u00e9tournement des BDU en\u00a0direction de la Russie, en instaurant, par exemple, des clauses contractuelles avec les pays tiers\u00a0pour que ceux-ci engagent leur responsabilit\u00e9 au cas o\u00f9 ce dernier r\u00e9exporterait les articles vers\u00a0la Russie<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Question 43, FAQ<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Enfin, la qualification des biens se basant sur le m\u00e9canisme de la cryptographie comme \u00e9tant des\u00a0BDU soumis aux r\u00e9gimes des exportations \u00e0 restreindre, semble \u00e9galement \u00eatre au coeur de cette\u00a0crise ukrainienne. Suite aux annonces d\u2019une privation des accords de paiements internationaux\u00a0de la Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication ( SWIFT ), Pavel Zavalny,\u00a0pr\u00e9sident de la Commission de l\u2019\u00e9nergie du Parlement russe a invit\u00e9, en derni\u00e8re semaine de\u00a0mars, les pays alli\u00e9s \u00e0 la Russie de payer le p\u00e9trole et gaz russes en Bitcoin, aux fins de\u00a0contourner les sanctions susmentionn\u00e9es. Seulement, ces d\u00e9clarations suscitent quelques\u00a0r\u00e9serves. Il semble peu probable qu\u2019il y ait assez de liquidit\u00e9s en crypto-monnaie, \u00e0 \u00e9chelle\u00a0mondiale, pour r\u00e9pondre aux besoins russes.<br \/>\nSecond point, l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne a bien pr\u00e9cis\u00e9, en date du 9 mars 2022<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">R\u00e9solution du Parlement europ\u00e9en du 9 mars 2022 sur l\u2019ing\u00e9rence \u00e9trang\u00e8re dans l\u2019ensemble\u00a0des processus d\u00e9mocratiques de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne, y compris la d\u00e9sinformation(2020\/2268(INI))<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, que les sanctions adopt\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la Russie concernaient \u00e9galement, par la qualification en biens \u00e0 doubleusage, les cryptomonnaies. Celles-ci ne peuvent donc techniquement devenir des \u00e9chappatoires\u00a0pour contourner les d\u00e9cisions europ\u00e9ennes. L\u2019observation de la prise de position de tous les\u00a0acteurs des crypto-actifs sera donc particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressante dans les jours \u00e0 venir.<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>Sis vis pacem, para bellum ( \u00ab Si tu veux la paix, pr\u00e9pare la guerre \u00bb ) est l\u2019enseignement\u00a0indispensable \u00e0 ou\u00efr, en constatant la situation actuelle du r\u00e9gime des BDU en ce conflit\u00a0historique. Le crit\u00e8re intrins\u00e8que d\u2019une guerre est son affranchissement des r\u00e8gles \u00e9tablies, une\u00a0contestation de l\u2019ordre juridique mis en place dans les lois visant les droits fondamentaux, tout\u00a0comme les relations commerciales internationales. Une premi\u00e8re mise en garde de l\u2019imbrication\u00a0des \u00e9changes inter-\u00e9tatiques coupl\u00e9s au d\u00e9veloppement des technologies de surveillance eut lieu\u00a0en 2012<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sherpa, \u00ab AMESYS : un syst\u00e8me de surveillance au service du r\u00e9gime de Kadhafi \u00bb, Actions\u00a0juridiques, 25 mai 2012, Asso-sherpa.org, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asso-sherpa.org\/amesys-systeme-desurveillance-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.asso-sherpa.org\/amesys-systeme-desurveillance-<\/span><\/a><br \/>\nau- service-du-regime-de-kadhafi (le 28 mars 2017).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> , lorsque la vente du dispositif EAGLE au Colonel Kadhafi favorisa un r\u00e9gime\u00a0autoritaire pr\u00e9venant le moindre mouvement de dissidence. Les exemples des derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es se\u00a0multiplient \u00e0 l\u2019instar de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine Blue Coat vendant des syst\u00e8mes permettant une\u00a0censure par les gouvernements syriens et birmans<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">V. Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res, Les ennemis de l&#8217;Internet, Rapp. 2013, Rapport sp\u00e9cial<br \/>\nsurveillance, Paris, Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res, 2013, p. 6-13<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> , ou encore le tr\u00e8s r\u00e9cent cas de la surveillance des Ou\u00efghours en Chine<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">R\u00e9solution du Parlement europ\u00e9en du 17 d\u00e9cembre 2020 sur le travail forc\u00e9 et la situation des<br \/>\nOu\u00efgours dans la r\u00e9gion autonome ou\u00efgoure du Xinjiang, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-9-2020-0375_FR.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-9-2020-0375_FR.html<\/span><\/a>]<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. L\u2019heure de la ricine comme principale pr\u00e9occupation des\u00a0BDU<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Dilemmas of a dual-use technology toxins in medicine and warfare, Jonathan B. Tucker, Politics\u00a0and the Life Sciences, F\u00e9vrier 1994<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> se fait d\u00e9sormais d\u00e9tr\u00f4ner par le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialisation d\u2019outils plus d\u00e9cisifs\u00a0quant \u00e0 l\u2019issue d\u2019un conflit, tels que des logiciels. La crise ukrainienne a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une fois de\u00a0plus l\u2019aspect multipolaire de l\u2019organisation politique mondiale, et l\u2019on comprend ainsi pourquoi\u00a0l\u2019ONU a appel\u00e9 \u00e0 un moratoire mondial sur la mise en place d\u2019une meilleure r\u00e8glementation des\u00a0ventes et transferts de technologie de cyber-surveillance<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_11366_1('footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/fr\/story\/2021\/08\/1101612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.un.org\/fr\/story\/2021\/08\/1101612<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11366_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<br \/>\nLe cr\u00e9dit que l\u2019on accorde aux BDU doit \u00eatre extr\u00eame en temps de paix, alors que dire dans les\u00a0heures sombres o\u00f9 tout, se rattache d\u2019une fa\u00e7on ou une autre, \u00e0 la guerre.<\/p>\n<p>Mario Gheza<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11366_1();\">&#x202F;<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11366_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11366_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_11366_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Friedrich Nietzsche, Par-del\u00e0 le bien et le mal, chap.4, p.125<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alain Lambert, Il faut lib\u00e9rer l\u2019administration de la norme en cette p\u00e9riode de crise (Entretien, Acteurs publics, 7 avril 2020)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Article 2 du r\u00e8glement (UE) 2021\/821 du Parlement et du Conseil du 20 mai 2021 instituant un\u00a0r\u00e9gime de l\u2019Union de contr\u00f4le des exportations, du courtage, de l\u2019assistance technique, du transit et des transferts en ce qui concerne les biens \u00e0 double usage (refonte), entr\u00e9 en vigueur le 9 septembre 2021, a abrog\u00e9 le r\u00e8glement (CE) 428\/2009 du Conseil du 5 mai 2009 qui r\u00e9gissait auparavant la mati\u00e8re<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">R\u00e8glement (UE) n \u00b0 833\/2014 du Conseil du 31 juillet 2014 concernant des mesures restrictives\u00a0eu \u00e9gard aux actions de la Russie d\u00e9stabilisant la situation en Ukraine<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00ab Le Parlement europ\u00e9en et le Conseil, statuant par voie de r\u00e8glements conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la proc\u00e9dure l\u00e9gislative ordinaire, adoptent les mesures d\u00e9finissant le cadre dans lequel est mise en\u00a0\u0153uvre la politique commerciale commune. \u00bb; Art.207(2) TFUE<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Art 5 &amp; 9 du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021\/821<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Art.12.1.d du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021\/821<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Art.2 (20) du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021\/821<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/dsszzi\/status\/1508528209075257347?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1508528209075257347%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.01net.com%2Factualites%2Floperateur-historique-ukrainien-a-ete-victime-d-une-cyberattaque-sans-precedent-2055695.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/dsszzi\/status\/1508528209075257347?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1508528209075257347%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.01net.com%2Factualites%2Floperateur-historique-ukrainien-a-ete-victime-d-une-cyberattaque-sans-precedent-2055695.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/emissions\/les-enjeux-des-reseaux-sociaux\/reseaux-sociaux-duvendredi-25-mars-2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/emissions\/les-enjeux-des-reseaux-sociaux\/reseaux-sociaux-duvendredi-25-mars-2022<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ladepeche.fr\/2022\/03\/03\/guerre-en-ukraine-des-cameras-de-la-police-etaientaccessibles-sans-mot-de-passe-alertent-des-journalistes-francais-10145756.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ladepeche.fr\/2022\/03\/03\/guerre-en-ukraine-des-cameras-de-la-police-etaientaccessibles-sans-mot-de-passe-alertent-des-journalistes-francais-10145756.php<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Art.4 du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021\/821<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Art.23 du r\u00e8glement ( UE ) 2021\/821<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00ab The elements of an Effective Export Compliance Program \u00bb, U.S Department of commerce\u00a0Bureau of Industry and Security ( BIS )<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00ab Guiding Opinions on Establishing Internal Compliance Programs for Export Control by\u00a0Exporters of Dual use Items \u00bb, China\u2019s Ministry of Commerce ( MOFCOM )<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Question and Answers: fourth package of restrictive measures against Russia, Brussels, 15\u00a0March 2022, European Commission<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">M. Kanetake, The EU\u2019s dual-use export control and human rights risks : the case of cyber\u00a0surveillance technology Europe and the World : A law review, 2019, Volume 3, Issue 1, [https:\/\/<br \/>\nwww.scienceopen.com\/hosted- document ?doi=10.14324\/111.444.ewlj.2019.14].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Civilian or Military ? Addressing Dual-use Items as a challenge to the nuclear non-proliferation\u00a0Regime \/\/ Justin Dunnicliff and Paulina Izewicz<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Question 43, FAQ<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">R\u00e9solution du Parlement europ\u00e9en du 9 mars 2022 sur l\u2019ing\u00e9rence \u00e9trang\u00e8re dans l\u2019ensemble\u00a0des processus d\u00e9mocratiques de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne, y compris la d\u00e9sinformation(2020\/2268(INI))<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sherpa, \u00ab AMESYS : un syst\u00e8me de surveillance au service du r\u00e9gime de Kadhafi \u00bb, Actions\u00a0juridiques, 25 mai 2012, Asso-sherpa.org, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asso-sherpa.org\/amesys-systeme-desurveillance-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.asso-sherpa.org\/amesys-systeme-desurveillance-<\/span><\/a><br \/>\nau- service-du-regime-de-kadhafi (le 28 mars 2017).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">V. Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res, Les ennemis de l&#8217;Internet, Rapp. 2013, Rapport sp\u00e9cial<br \/>\nsurveillance, Paris, Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res, 2013, p. 6-13<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">R\u00e9solution du Parlement europ\u00e9en du 17 d\u00e9cembre 2020 sur le travail forc\u00e9 et la situation des<br \/>\nOu\u00efgours dans la r\u00e9gion autonome ou\u00efgoure du Xinjiang, [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-9-2020-0375_FR.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-9-2020-0375_FR.html<\/span><\/a>]<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Dilemmas of a dual-use technology toxins in medicine and warfare, Jonathan B. Tucker, Politics\u00a0and the Life Sciences, F\u00e9vrier 1994<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_11366_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_11366_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/fr\/story\/2021\/08\/1101612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.un.org\/fr\/story\/2021\/08\/1101612<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_11366_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11366_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11366_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_11366_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11366_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_11366_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_11366_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_11366_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11366_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_11366_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_11366_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11366_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_11366_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_11366_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mise en exergue de l\u2019encadrement des biens \u00e0 double-usage sous le prisme de la crise ukrainienne. L\u2019ouvrage \u00ab Par-del\u00e0 le bien du mal \u00bb \u00e9crit par Friedrich Nietzsche \u00e9dicte une r\u00e8gle fortement assimilable \u00e0 la probl\u00e9matique des biens \u00e0 double-usage : \u00ab Il n\u2019y a pas de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes moraux, rien qu\u2019une interpr\u00e9tation morale des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes. &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture <span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019encadrement des biens double-usage sous &#8220;le prisme de la crise ukrainienne&#8221;\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":11369,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11366","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contributions","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019encadrement des biens double-usage sous &quot;le prisme de la crise ukrainienne&quot; - Kaufhold et Reveillaud Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019encadrement des biens double-usage sous &quot;le prisme de la crise ukrainienne&quot; - Kaufhold et Reveillaud Avocats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mise en exergue de l\u2019encadrement des biens \u00e0 double-usage sous le prisme de la crise ukrainienne. L\u2019ouvrage \u00ab Par-del\u00e0 le bien du mal \u00bb \u00e9crit par Friedrich Nietzsche \u00e9dicte une r\u00e8gle fortement assimilable \u00e0 la probl\u00e9matique des biens \u00e0 double-usage : \u00ab Il n\u2019y a pas de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes moraux, rien qu\u2019une interpr\u00e9tation morale des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes. &hellip; Continuer la lecture \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019encadrement des biens double-usage sous &#8220;le prisme de la crise ukrainienne&#8221;\u00a0\u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Kaufhold et Reveillaud Avocats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-04-19T10:18:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-20T16:51:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/encadrement-des-biens.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1425\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"JM\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"JM\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"JM\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/984d461f0abfd7024722f049b7722029\"},\"headline\":\"L\u2019encadrement des biens double-usage sous &#8220;le prisme de la crise ukrainienne&#8221;\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-04-19T10:18:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-20T16:51:53+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne\/\"},\"wordCount\":3162,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/encadrement-des-biens.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Contributions\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/fr\/lencadrement-des-biens-double-usage-sous-le-prisme-de-la-crise-ukrainienne\/\",\"name\":\"L\u2019encadrement des biens double-usage sous \\\"le prisme de la crise ukrainienne\\\" - 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