{"id":18704,"date":"2020-07-31T09:00:42","date_gmt":"2020-07-31T07:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.dominocom.lu\/freedom-individual-and-cybercrime\/"},"modified":"2020-07-31T09:00:42","modified_gmt":"2020-07-31T07:00:42","slug":"freedom-individual-and-cybercrime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/en\/freedom-individual-and-cybercrime\/","title":{"rendered":"Personal freedom and cybercrime"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Cybercrime is the new threat of the 21st century&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">S. Rolland, <i>La cybercriminalit\u00e9 est la nouvelle menace du XXIe si\u00e8cle<\/i>, La Tribune, July 26, 2015 : <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n  <a href=\"http:\/\/www.latribune.fr\/technos-medias\/internet\/la-cybercriminalite-est-la-nouvelle-menace-du-xxie-siecle-485152.html\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.latribune.fr\/technos-medias\/internet\/la-cybercriminalite-est-la-nouvelle-menace-du-xxie-siecle-485152.html<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The alert is not in vain, and can be explained by the rapid expansion of crime in the digital environment. Worldwide, 42.8 million cyberattacks were recorded in 2014<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C. Desjardin, <i>Quand le cauchemar de la cyberattaque devient r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/i>, Les Echos, February 5, 2015 : <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n  <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/2015\/02\/quand-le-cauchemar-de-la-cyberattaque-devient-realite-199273\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.lesechos.fr\/2015\/02\/quand-le-cauchemar-de-la-cyberattaque-devient-realite-199273<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, or more than 117,000 attacks per day. In France as a whole, 2019 will have seen records broken, with 67% of companies victims of cyber attacks and only 10% able to cope. And not all survive.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bradley, <em>2020: La France championne des cyberattaques<\/em>, Silicon, November 28, 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.silicon.fr\/%20avis-expert\/2020-la-france-championne-des-cyberattaques\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.silicon.fr\/<\/span><\/u> <u>avis-expert\/2020-la-france-championne-des-cyberattaques<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. This year 2020 has thus begun with 7 security alerts, 1 threat and incident, 130 security advisories and 1 compromise indicator<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Centre gouvernemental de veille, d&#8217;alerte et de r\u00e9ponse aux attaques informatiques, attacks published as of March 9, 2020 : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cert.ssi.gouv.fr\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.cert.ssi.gouv.fr<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>With regard to individual freedom, it can be defined as the &#8220;fundamental right to do anything that society does not have the right to prevent&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">G. Cornu, <i>Vocabulaire juridique<\/i>, PUF, 10th edition<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. It is thus a &#8220;security guaranteeing individuals, which results from the fact that no one can be arrested or imprisoned except in the cases provided for by law and according to the forms prescribed in advance&#8221;. Examples of individual freedoms include freedom of expression, the right of access to the Internet, the right to privacy, the right to honor and consideration, and the &#8220;right to&#8221; protection against all forms of hatred&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Cybercrime can be defined as all &#8220;acts contravening (&#8230;) national laws, using networks or information systems as a means of committing an offence or crime, or targeting them&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Agence nationale de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes d&#8217;information, <em>Defense and information systems security &#8211; Strat\u00e9gie de la France <\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.gouv.fr\/uploads\/IMG\/pdf\/2011-02-15_Defense_et_securite_des_systemes_d_information_strategie_de_la_France.pdf\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ssi.gouv.fr\/uploads\/IMG\/pdf\/2011-02-15_Defense_et_securite_des_systemes_d_information_strategie_de_la_France.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Along with cyber defence, it is an integral part of the cybersecurity concept<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">op. cit.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Its causes lie mainly in increasing digitization, technological progress, inadequate security measures and the transnational nature of the Internet.<\/p>\n<p>It should be noted that the notion of cybercrime has been the subject of a progressive conceptual and criminal framework. Computer-related offences were initially opposed to content-related offences, depending on whether they were attempted or committed against or by means of an information and communication system.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Law no. 88-19 of January 5, 1988 on computer fraud: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?%20cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000875419&amp;categorieLien=id\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n  <u>cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000875419&amp;categorieLien=id<\/u><br \/>\n<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. These have now been joined by offences against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data and systems, infringements of intellectual property and related rights, and racism and xenophobia on the Internet.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime of November 23, 2001: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/meetdocs\/2014_2019\/documents\/libe\/dv\/7_conv_budapest_\/7_conv_budapest_fr.pdf\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.europarl.europa.eu\/meetdocs\/<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n  <u>2014_2019\/documents\/libe\/dv\/7_conv_budapest_\/7_conv_budapest_en.pdf<\/u><br \/>\n<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Lastly, a harmonized approach has been adopted for terrorist offenses.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Framework decision of 13 June 2002 of the Council of the European Union on combating terrorism :  <a href=\"http:\/\/riServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002F0475:20081209:FR:PDF\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eur-<\/span><\/u><u>lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002F0475:20081209:EN:PDF<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>  and certain forms and manifestations of racism and xenophobia on the Internet<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Framework decision of November 28, 2008 of the Council of the European Union: https: <u>\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/<\/u> <u>TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008F0913&amp;from=EN<\/u><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>To understand how individual freedom is affected by cybercrime, we need to look at the rights and freedoms applicable to the digital environment. (I), then its restrictions (II).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>I <u> &#8211; Rights and freedoms applicable to the digital environment<\/u><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Freedom of expression and the right of access to the InternetFreedom of expression in general is a fundamental right in a democratic society<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Decision no. 2009-580 DC of June 10, 2009: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr\/decision\/2009\/2009580DC.htm<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. This implies that &#8220;no one (should) be troubled for his opinions (&#8230;) provided that their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by the Law&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Article 11 of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: <a href=\"http:\/\/Article%2011%20de%20la%20D%C3%A9claration%20des%20Droits%20de%20l'Homme%20et%20du%20Citoyen%20de%201789%20:%20<span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/Droit-%20francais\/Constitution\/Declaration-des-Droits-de-l-Homme-et-du-Citoyen-de-1789\"><\/span><u>https:\/\/<\/u><span lang=\"EN-US\"><span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/Droit-<\/span><\/span> <u>francais\/Constitution\/Declaration-des-Droits-de-l&#8217;Homme-et-du-Citoyen-de-1789<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Freedom of expression &#8220;online&#8221; is moreover protected, like all other fundamental rights &#8220;offline&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Council of the European Union May 12, 2014 guidelines: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/data.consilium.europa.eu\/doc\/document\/ST-9647-2014-INIT\/fr\/pdf<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Council of the European Union January 13, 2016 guidelines : <a href=\"https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/09000016805c1ecd\"><br \/>\n  <u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/09000016805c1ecd<\/span><\/u><br \/>\n<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. As with many other rights, this means that freedom is the principle, and prohibition the exception.the right of access to the internet thus derives from this freedom of expression<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">op. cit. Decision no. 2009-580 DC of June 10, 2009<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>and gives it a particular breadth due to a general absence of filtering or selection, which is usually de rigueur in public modes of expression.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">A. Lepage,  <i>The Internet in relation to the law of July 29, 1881 on the press: a means of communication like any other?<\/i>in: A. Lepage (ed.),  <i>Digital opinion. The Internet: a new public spirit<\/i>November 2, 2006<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. It is thus &#8220;one of the most precious instruments of one of the most precious human rights&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><i>Conseil d&#8217;Etat&#8217;s 2014 annual study &#8211; Digital and fundamental rights<\/i>, September 9, 2014: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vie-publique.fr\/rapport\/34281-etude-annuelle-2014-du-conseil-detat-le-numerique-et-les-droits-fonda\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.vie-publique.fr\/rapport\/34281-etude-annuelle-2014-du-conseil-detat-le-numerique-et-les-droits-fonda<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, as well as a fundamental right<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">op. cit. <i>Conseil d&#8217;Etat Annual Study 2014 &#8211; Digital and fundamental rights<\/i>, September 9, 2014<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/li>\n<li>Online right of reply<br \/>\nThis right of reply applies broadly to &#8220;any person named or designated in an online public communication service&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Law no. 2004-575 of June 21, 2004 on confidence in the digital economy:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000801164\">h<u>ttps:\/\/<\/u>www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000801164<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>except &#8220;when users are in a position, due to the nature of the online public communication service, to comment directly on a message that implicates them&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Decree n\u00b02007-1527 of October 24, 2007 relating to the right of reply applicable to online public communication services and taken for the application of IV of article 6 of law n\u00b0 2004-575 of June 21, 2004 for confidence in the digital economy:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do;?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000428279\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do;<\/span><\/u>?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000428279<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. This means that people taking part in chat rooms and discussion forums would be excluded, as their interactive nature already allows for immediate, direct response. In addition, the recipient of the request to exercise the right of reply is identified as the director of the publication, which may constitute an obstacle to the exercise of this right, particularly in the event of the host&#8217;s reluctance to provide the identification data of the aforementioned director. The procedures for exercising this right must satisfy a number of conditions: time, form and substance; as must the procedures for publishing the response<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">op.cit. Decree no. 2007-1527 of October 24, 2007<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.Interestingly, the requestor can also ask for the message in question to be deleted or rectified. The publishing director then has three days to comply. Failure to publish the response within 24 hours may result in a fine of 3,750 euros<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">op. cit. Decree no. 2007-1527 of October 24, 2007<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>II <u>&#8211; Restrictions applicable to the digital environment<\/u><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Invasion of privacyWhile there is no legal definition of privacy, authors of legal doctrine consider it to be &#8220;a secret sphere of life in which the individual has the power to exclude third parties&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Carbonnier,  <em>Droit civil : Les personnes<\/em>, tome I, 20th edition, 1996, n\u00b086<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>or as &#8220;everyone&#8217;s private sphere&#8221;.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cornu, <em>Vocabulaire juridique<\/em>, PUF, 10th edition<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. It is still possible to propose a few elements that make up private life: family life, emotional life, image of people, image of their property, health, religious convictions, tax advertising, financial life, leisure activities, death, information that can be freely consulted, information from civil status registers after a period of 75 years has expired. However, this notional gap does not detract from the need for double protection of private life. On the one hand, its civil protection<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">26)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Article 9 of the Civil Code: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006419288&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070721&amp;dateTexte=19940730\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichCodeArticle.do?<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n  <u>idArticle=LEGIARTI000006419288&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070721&amp;dateTexte=19940730<\/u><br \/>\n<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>  can justify to the judge all measures likely to prevent or stop the infringement. On the other hand, its criminal protection<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">27)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Articles 226-1 to 226-7 of the penal code: https: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichCode.do;jsessionid=8981B9C43EC7A1790EB31FDE8B677607.tplgfr22s_2?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006165309&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&amp;dateTexte=20020101\"><u>\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichCode.do;jsessionid=8981B9C43EC7A1790EB31FDE8B677607.tplgfr22s_2?<\/u><u>idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006165309&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&amp;dateTexte=20020101<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>  is designed to prevent or punish the voluntary invasion of privacy by any means. By capturing, recording or transmitting words spoken in a private or confidential capacity. Fixing, recording or transmitting the image of a person in a private place without their consent. The said private place being a place that is not open to anyone unless authorized by the person occupying it.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">28)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Initially CA Besan\u00e7on, January 5, 1978, more recently CA d&#8217;Aix-en-Provence, January 9, 2006:  <u>https:\/\/<\/u> <span lang=\"EN-US\"><span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000006949097<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>  (The most frequent cases of non-infringement of privacy are as follows: facts previously disclosed<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">29)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">TGI Paris, 17th Chamber, December 17, 2014, No. 13\/12734:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.doctrine.fr\/d\/TGI\/Paris\/2014\/%20FRCB250CB73A93345F35CD\"><u>https:\/\/<\/u><span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"FR\">www.doctrine.fr\/d\/TGI\/Paris\/2014\/<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <u>FRCB250CB73A93345F35CD<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>an unidentifiable person<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">30)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Civ 1st, April 9, 2014, no. 12-29.588:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?%20idTexte=JURITEXT000028843900\"><u>https:\/\/<\/u><span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <u>idTexte=JURITEXT000028843900<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>a surname used alone as a meta tag<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">31)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Civ 1st, September 10, 2014, no. 13-12.464:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechJuriJudi&amp;idTexte=JURITEXT000029453517&amp;fastReqId=1053008442&amp;fastPos=1\"><u>https:\/\/<\/u><span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><u>oldAction=rechJuriJudi&amp;idTexte=JURITEXT000029453517&amp;fastReqId=1053008442&amp;fastPos=1<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>and geolocation carried out under the supervision of the Public Prosecutor.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">32)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Crim, October 15, 2014, 12-82.391 and 14-85.056 : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechJuriJudi&amp;idTexte=JURITEXT000029606490\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n  <u>oldAction=rechJuriJudi&amp;idTexte=JURITEXT000029606490<\/u><br \/>\n<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/li>\n<li>Defamation, insult and denigration must be dealt with first. Defamation consists of an allegation or imputation of a fact that is prejudicial to the honor and consideration of a person or body to which the fact is imputed.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">33)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Freedom of the Press Act of July 29, 1881: https: <a href=\"http:\/\/Loi%20du%2029%20juillet%201881%20sur%20la%20libert%C3%A9%20de%20la%20presse%20:%20<span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?%20cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070722\"><\/span><u>\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?<\/u> <u>cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070722<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The person being prosecuted is then presumed to be acting in bad faith, unless he has the right to free criticism.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">34)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">TGI Paris, 3rd chamber, October 19, 2007, no. 06\/11874: https: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000018863985\"><u>\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000018863985<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Defamation should be distinguished from insult, which is an outrageous expression, or terms of contempt or invective containing no imputation of fact<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">35)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">op. cit. Freedom of the Press Act of July 29, 1881<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The excuse of provocation may be invoked, provided there is a direct link between the insult and the provocation. Defamation and insult should also be distinguished from disparagement, which consists in publicly discrediting a person or company by criticizing its products or work in order to harm it, even in the absence of competition<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">36)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">cit. Freedom of the Press Act of July 29, 1881<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Next, we need to deal with certain manifestations of hatred. On the one hand, denial of the existence of one or more crimes against humanity<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">37)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Law no. 90-615 of July 13, 1990 to suppress all racist, anti-Semitic or xenophobic acts: <a href=\"https:\/\/%20www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000532990\"><u>https:\/\/<\/u> <span lang=\"EN-US\"><span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000532990<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, such as Holocaust denial. On the other hand, racist acts and their increased criminalization<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">38)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_38\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Law no. 90-615 of July 13, 1990 to suppress all racist, anti-Semitic or xenophobic acts: <a href=\"https:\/\/%20www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000532990&amp;dateTexte=20200310\"><u>https:\/\/<\/u> <span lang=\"EN-US\"><span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000532990&amp;dateTexte=20200310<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, both in terms of motive and limitation periods. Lastly, the dissemination of recordings of images linked to the commission of offences carries a penalty of five years&#8217; imprisonment and a fine of 75,000 euros.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_18704_1('footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">39)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Law no. 2007-297 of March 5, 2007 on the prevention of delinquency: https: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/%20affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000615568&amp;categorieLien=id\"><u>\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/<\/u> <u>affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000615568&amp;categorieLien=id<\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_18704_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ultimately<\/strong>, the impact of cybercrime on individual freedom is a reality, and anyone can be affected. Its paradox is that it has become commonplace, given the growing number of victims, while remaining highly innovative, given the technical and technological resources deployed by its perpetrators.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_18704_1();\">&#x202F;<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_18704_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_18704_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_18704_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">S. Rolland, <i>La cybercriminalit\u00e9 est la nouvelle menace du XXIe si\u00e8cle<\/i>, La Tribune, July 26, 2015 : <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n  <a href=\"http:\/\/www.latribune.fr\/technos-medias\/internet\/la-cybercriminalite-est-la-nouvelle-menace-du-xxie-siecle-485152.html\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.latribune.fr\/technos-medias\/internet\/la-cybercriminalite-est-la-nouvelle-menace-du-xxie-siecle-485152.html<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C. Desjardin, <i>Quand le cauchemar de la cyberattaque devient r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/i>, Les Echos, February 5, 2015 : <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n  <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/2015\/02\/quand-le-cauchemar-de-la-cyberattaque-devient-realite-199273\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.lesechos.fr\/2015\/02\/quand-le-cauchemar-de-la-cyberattaque-devient-realite-199273<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bradley, <em>2020: La France championne des cyberattaques<\/em>, Silicon, November 28, 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.silicon.fr\/%20avis-expert\/2020-la-france-championne-des-cyberattaques\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.silicon.fr\/<\/span><\/u> <u>avis-expert\/2020-la-france-championne-des-cyberattaques<\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Centre gouvernemental de veille, d&#8217;alerte et de r\u00e9ponse aux attaques informatiques, attacks published as of March 9, 2020 : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cert.ssi.gouv.fr\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.cert.ssi.gouv.fr<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">G. Cornu, <i>Vocabulaire juridique<\/i>, PUF, 10th edition<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Agence nationale de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes d&#8217;information, <em>Defense and information systems security &#8211; Strat\u00e9gie de la France <\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ssi.gouv.fr\/uploads\/IMG\/pdf\/2011-02-15_Defense_et_securite_des_systemes_d_information_strategie_de_la_France.pdf\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ssi.gouv.fr\/uploads\/IMG\/pdf\/2011-02-15_Defense_et_securite_des_systemes_d_information_strategie_de_la_France.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">op. cit.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Law no. 88-19 of January 5, 1988 on computer fraud: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?%20cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000875419&amp;categorieLien=id\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n  <u>cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000875419&amp;categorieLien=id<\/u><br \/>\n<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime of November 23, 2001: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/meetdocs\/2014_2019\/documents\/libe\/dv\/7_conv_budapest_\/7_conv_budapest_fr.pdf\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.europarl.europa.eu\/meetdocs\/<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n  <u>2014_2019\/documents\/libe\/dv\/7_conv_budapest_\/7_conv_budapest_en.pdf<\/u><br \/>\n<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Framework decision of 13 June 2002 of the Council of the European Union on combating terrorism :  <a href=\"http:\/\/riServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002F0475:20081209:FR:PDF\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eur-<\/span><\/u><u>lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002F0475:20081209:EN:PDF<\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Framework decision of November 28, 2008 of the Council of the European Union: https: <u>\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/<\/u> <u>TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008F0913&amp;from=EN<\/u><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Decision no. 2009-580 DC of June 10, 2009: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr\/decision\/2009\/2009580DC.htm<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Article 11 of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: <a href=\"http:\/\/Article%2011%20de%20la%20D%C3%A9claration%20des%20Droits%20de%20l'Homme%20et%20du%20Citoyen%20de%201789%20:%20<span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/Droit-%20francais\/Constitution\/Declaration-des-Droits-de-l-Homme-et-du-Citoyen-de-1789\"><\/span><u>https:\/\/<\/u><span lang=\"EN-US\"><span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/Droit-<\/span><\/span> <u>francais\/Constitution\/Declaration-des-Droits-de-l&#8217;Homme-et-du-Citoyen-de-1789<\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Council of the European Union May 12, 2014 guidelines: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/data.consilium.europa.eu\/doc\/document\/ST-9647-2014-INIT\/fr\/pdf<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Council of the European Union January 13, 2016 guidelines : <a href=\"https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/09000016805c1ecd\"><br \/>\n  <u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/09000016805c1ecd<\/span><\/u><br \/>\n<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">op. cit. Decision no. 2009-580 DC of June 10, 2009<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">A. Lepage,  <i>The Internet in relation to the law of July 29, 1881 on the press: a means of communication like any other?<\/i>in: A. Lepage (ed.),  <i>Digital opinion. The Internet: a new public spirit<\/i>November 2, 2006<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><i>Conseil d&#8217;Etat&#8217;s 2014 annual study &#8211; Digital and fundamental rights<\/i>, September 9, 2014: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vie-publique.fr\/rapport\/34281-etude-annuelle-2014-du-conseil-detat-le-numerique-et-les-droits-fonda\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.vie-publique.fr\/rapport\/34281-etude-annuelle-2014-du-conseil-detat-le-numerique-et-les-droits-fonda<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">op. cit. <i>Conseil d&#8217;Etat Annual Study 2014 &#8211; Digital and fundamental rights<\/i>, September 9, 2014<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Law no. 2004-575 of June 21, 2004 on confidence in the digital economy:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000801164\">h<u>ttps:\/\/<\/u>www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000801164<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Decree n\u00b02007-1527 of October 24, 2007 relating to the right of reply applicable to online public communication services and taken for the application of IV of article 6 of law n\u00b0 2004-575 of June 21, 2004 for confidence in the digital economy:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do;?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000428279\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do;<\/span><\/u>?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000428279<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">op.cit. Decree no. 2007-1527 of October 24, 2007<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">op. cit. Decree no. 2007-1527 of October 24, 2007<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carbonnier,  <em>Droit civil : Les personnes<\/em>, tome I, 20th edition, 1996, n\u00b086<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cornu, <em>Vocabulaire juridique<\/em>, PUF, 10th edition<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Article 9 of the Civil Code: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006419288&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070721&amp;dateTexte=19940730\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichCodeArticle.do?<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n  <u>idArticle=LEGIARTI000006419288&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070721&amp;dateTexte=19940730<\/u><br \/>\n<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Articles 226-1 to 226-7 of the penal code: https: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichCode.do;jsessionid=8981B9C43EC7A1790EB31FDE8B677607.tplgfr22s_2?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006165309&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&amp;dateTexte=20020101\"><u>\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichCode.do;jsessionid=8981B9C43EC7A1790EB31FDE8B677607.tplgfr22s_2?<\/u><u>idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006165309&amp;cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&amp;dateTexte=20020101<\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Initially CA Besan\u00e7on, January 5, 1978, more recently CA d&#8217;Aix-en-Provence, January 9, 2006:  <u>https:\/\/<\/u> <span lang=\"EN-US\"><span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000006949097<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">TGI Paris, 17th Chamber, December 17, 2014, No. 13\/12734:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.doctrine.fr\/d\/TGI\/Paris\/2014\/%20FRCB250CB73A93345F35CD\"><u>https:\/\/<\/u><span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"FR\">www.doctrine.fr\/d\/TGI\/Paris\/2014\/<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <u>FRCB250CB73A93345F35CD<\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_30');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Civ 1st, April 9, 2014, no. 12-29.588:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?%20idTexte=JURITEXT000028843900\"><u>https:\/\/<\/u><span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <u>idTexte=JURITEXT000028843900<\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_31');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Civ 1st, September 10, 2014, no. 13-12.464:  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechJuriJudi&amp;idTexte=JURITEXT000029453517&amp;fastReqId=1053008442&amp;fastPos=1\"><u>https:\/\/<\/u><span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><u>oldAction=rechJuriJudi&amp;idTexte=JURITEXT000029453517&amp;fastReqId=1053008442&amp;fastPos=1<\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_32');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Crim, October 15, 2014, 12-82.391 and 14-85.056 : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechJuriJudi&amp;idTexte=JURITEXT000029606490\"><br \/>\n  <u>https:\/\/<\/u><br \/>\n  <span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n    <span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n  <u>oldAction=rechJuriJudi&amp;idTexte=JURITEXT000029606490<\/u><br \/>\n<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_33');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Freedom of the Press Act of July 29, 1881: https: <a href=\"http:\/\/Loi%20du%2029%20juillet%201881%20sur%20la%20libert%C3%A9%20de%20la%20presse%20:%20<span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?%20cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070722\"><\/span><u>\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?<\/u> <u>cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070722<\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_34');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">TGI Paris, 3rd chamber, October 19, 2007, no. 06\/11874: https: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000018863985\"><u>\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000018863985<\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_35');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">op. cit. Freedom of the Press Act of July 29, 1881<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_36');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">cit. Freedom of the Press Act of July 29, 1881<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_37');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Law no. 90-615 of July 13, 1990 to suppress all racist, anti-Semitic or xenophobic acts: <a href=\"https:\/\/%20www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000532990\"><u>https:\/\/<\/u> <span lang=\"EN-US\"><span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000532990<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_38');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Law no. 90-615 of July 13, 1990 to suppress all racist, anti-Semitic or xenophobic acts: <a href=\"https:\/\/%20www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000532990&amp;dateTexte=20200310\"><u>https:\/\/<\/u> <span lang=\"EN-US\"><span lang=\"FR\">www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000532990&amp;dateTexte=20200310<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_18704_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_18704_1_39');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Law no. 2007-297 of March 5, 2007 on the prevention of delinquency: https: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/%20affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000615568&amp;categorieLien=id\"><u>\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/<\/u> <u>affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000615568&amp;categorieLien=id<\/u><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_18704_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_18704_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_18704_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_18704_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_18704_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_18704_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_18704_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_18704_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_18704_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_18704_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_18704_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_18704_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_18704_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_18704_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Cybercrime is the new threat of the 21st century&#8221;1)S. Rolland, La cybercriminalit\u00e9 est la nouvelle menace du XXIe si\u00e8cle, La Tribune, July 26, 2015 : www.latribune.fr\/technos-medias\/internet\/la-cybercriminalite-est-la-nouvelle-menace-du-xxie-siecle-485152.html . The alert is not in vain, and can be explained by the rapid expansion of crime in the digital environment. Worldwide, 42.8 million cyberattacks were recorded in 20142)C. &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/en\/freedom-individual-and-cybercrime\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Personal freedom and cybercrime&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17499,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[257],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contributions-en","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Personal freedom and cybercrime - Kaufhold et Reveillaud Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kaufholdreveillaud.lu\/en\/freedom-individual-and-cybercrime\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Personal freedom and cybercrime - Kaufhold et Reveillaud Avocats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&#8220;Cybercrime is the new threat of the 21st century&#8221;1)S. Rolland, La cybercriminalit\u00e9 est la nouvelle menace du XXIe si\u00e8cle, La Tribune, July 26, 2015 : www.latribune.fr\/technos-medias\/internet\/la-cybercriminalite-est-la-nouvelle-menace-du-xxie-siecle-485152.html . The alert is not in vain, and can be explained by the rapid expansion of crime in the digital environment. 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